placenames

**Countries**
All countries are regarded as feminine. Some are preceded by the article. Where the country is not given then use the indigenous name :
Afghanistan - Afganastan	Egypt - An Èiphit	Lapland - Tìr nan Sàmi	Sasa(i)nn - England
Africa - Afraga	El Salvador - El Salbhador	Latvia - An Laitbhe	Saudi Arabia - Aràibia Saudach
Alaska - Alasga	Equatorial Guinea - Gini Mheadhan-chearcallach	Lebanon - Leabanon	Scandinavia - Lochlainn
Albania - Albàinia	Estonia - Eastònia	Lesotho - Leasoto	Scotland - Alba
Algeria - Ailgeria	Ethiopia - An Aetiòp	Liberia - Libeiria	Senegal - Seneagal
America - Aimeireaga	Europe - An Roinn Eòrpa	Lithuania - Liotuàinia	Siberia - Sibeiria
Asia - An Àisia	Faroes, The - Na (h-Eileanan) Fàro	Luxamburg - Lugsamburg	Sierra Leone - Siara Leon
Australia - Astràilia	Finland - Suòmaidh	Lybia - Libia	Slovakia - Slobhaigia
Australasia - An Astralàisia	Flànras- Flanders	Macedonia - Macadòinia	Slovenia - Sloibhìnia
Austria - An Ostair	France An Fhraing	Madagascar- Madagasgar	Somalia - Somailia
Bahrain - Bairèin	French Guyana - Guiana na Frainge	Malaysia -Malàisia	South Africa - Afraga a Deas
Bangladesh - Bangladais	Gambia - Gaimbia	Malta - Malta	South Yemen - Iemen a Deas
Belarus - Bealaruis	Germany - A' Ghearmailt	Mexico - Meagsago	Spain - An Spàinn
Belgium - A' Bheilg	Ghana - Gana	Malawi - Malamhui	Sri Lanka - Sri Lanca
Bhutan - Butan	Greece - A' Ghrèig	Mali - Maili	Suriname - Suranam
Bolivia - Boilibhia	Greenland - A' Ghraonlainn	Mauritania - Maratainia	Swaziland - Suasalainn
Borneo - Bòirneo	Guatemala - Guatamala	Mongolia - Mongòlia	Sweden - An t-Suain
Botswana - Botsuana	Guinea - Gini	Morocco - Moroco	Switzerland An Eilbheis
Brazil - Braisil	Guinea Bissau - Gini Bissau	Mozambique - Mosaimbig	Syria - Siria
Brunei - Brunai	Guyana - Guiana	Nepal - Neapàl	Tansania - Tansainia
Britain - Breatainn	Hispaniola - Hispainniola	Newfoundland - Talamh an Èisg	Tasmania - An Tasmain
Brittany - A' Bhreatainn Bheag	Holland - An Òlaind	New Zealand - Sealainn Nuadh	Thailand - Tailainn
Bulgaria - Bulgàiria	Hungary - An Ungair	Nicaragua - Nicearagua	Tunisia - Tuinisia
Cameroun - Camarun	Iceland - Innis Tile	Niger - Nigèir	Turkey - An Tuirc
Canada - Canada	India - Na h-Innseachan	Nigeria - Nigeiria	Ukraine, The - An Ucràin
Cape Breton - Ceap Bhreatainn	Indonesia - An Ind-innse	Northern Ireland - Èirinn a Tuath	United Arab Emirates, The - Emireachdan Arabach Aonaichte
Central African Republic - Poblachd Mheadhan-Afraga	Iran - Ioran	Norway - Nirribhidh	United Kingdom, The - An Rìoghachd Aonaichte
Chad - Siad	Iraq - Iorag	Nova Scotia - Alba Nuadh	United States of America, The - Na Stàitean Aonaichte
Czech - An t-Seic	Ireland - Èireann	Oman - Omàn	Uruguay - Urugua
The Czech Republic - Poblachd nan Seiceach	Isle of Man - Eilean Mhanainn	Pakistan - Pagastàn	Venezeula - Bhenesuela
Chile - An t-Sile	Israel - Iosrael / Israel	Panama- Panamà	Vietnam - Bhiet-nam
China - Sìona	Italy - An Eadailt	Papua New Guinea - Papua Gini Nuadh	Wales - A' Chuimrigh
Columbia - Coloimbia	Ivory Coast - Costa Ìbhri	Paraguay - Paragua	Western Sahara - An Sahara Siar
Congo, The - An Congo	Jamaica - Siameuga	Peru - Peiriù	Yemen - Iemen
Cornwall - A' Chòrn	Japan - Iapan	Philipines, The - Na h-Eileanan Filipineach	Zaire - Saìr
Croatia - Croàisia	Java - Iàbha	Poland - A' Phòlainn	Zambia - Saimbia
Cuba - Cùba	Jordan - Iòrdan	Portugal - A' Phortagail	Zimbabwe - Siombabue
Cyprus - Ciopras	Kashmir - Caismir	Qatar - Catar
Denmark - An Danmhairc	Kenya - A' Cheinia	Romainia - Romàinia
Ecuador - Ecuador	Kuwait - Cuait	Russia - An Ruis

Both **Alba** and **Èireann** take the article in the genitive and both have special dative forms:
Alba, d. Albainn e.g. ann an Albainn, g. na h-Alba e.g. Banca na h-Alba
Èireann, d. Èirinn e.g. ann an Èirinn, g. na h-Èireann e.g. muinntir na h-Èireann

A general guide to forming the nationality is to add **ach/each** to a consonant ending or **nach** to a vowel ending. With plural ending **-aich/ich** :
Alba >>> Albannach / Albannaich	Malta >>> Maltach / Maltaich
Bulgàiria >>> Bulgàirianach /Bulgàirianaich	An t-Seic >>> Seiceach / Seicich
Èireann >>> Èireannach / Èireannaich	Nirribhidh >>> Nirribheach / Nirribhich
Iapan >>> Iapanach / Iapanaich	An t-Suain >>> Suaineach / Suainich

All languages are feminine and a general guide to form them is to have the endings **ais/is**:
Aràibia >>> Aràibis	Romàinia >>> Romàinis
A' Chòrn >>> Còrnais	An Ruis >>> Ruisis
An Èiphit >>> Èiphitis	Slobhaigia >>> Slobhaigis
A' Ghearmailt >>> Gearmailtis	Sìona >>> Sìonais

A few languages are irregular:
Alba >>> Gàidhlig	Iosrael >>> Eabhrais (Hebrew)
Afraga a-Deas >>> Afragans	Na Stàitean Aonaichte >>> Beurla Aimeireaganach
Eilean Mhannain >>> Gaelg	Òlaind >>> Duitsis
Èireann >>> Gaeilge	Sasann >>> Beurla

**Capital Cities**
Belfast - Beul Feirst
Cardiff - Caerdydd
Dublin - Bail' Àth Cliath
Edinburgh - Dùn Èideann
London - Lunnainn

**Islands of Scotland**
Arran - Arainn	Harris - Na Hearradh	Scalpay - Sgalpaigh
Barra - Barraigh	Isle of Skye - An t-Eilean Sgiathanach	Scarp - An Sgarp
Benbecula - Beinn Nam Fadhla	Islay -Ile	Seil - Saoil
Bernera - Beàrnaraigh	Iona - Eilean Idhe	Shetland - Sealtainn
Bute - Bòd Isle of Bute - Eilean Bhòid	Jura - Diùra	Shuna - Siùna
Canna - Canaigh	Kerrera - Cearrara	Staffa - Stafa
Coll - Colla	Lewis - Leòdhas Isle of Lewis - Eilean Leòdhais	St. Kilda - Hiort
Colonsay - Colbhasa	Lismore - Liosmòr	Tanera - Tannaraigh
Cumbrae, Great - Cumradh Mòr	Mull - Muile Isle of Mull - Eilean Mhuile	Taransay - Tarasaigh
Cumbrae, Little - Cumradh Beag	Muck - Eilean nam Muc	Tiree - Tiriodh Isle of Tiree - Eilean Thiridh
Eigg - Eige Isle of Eigg - Eilean Eige	Orkney - Àrcaibh	Uist, North - Uibhist a Tuath
Eriskay - Èirisgeigh	Oronsay - Orasaigh	Uist, South - Uibhist a Deas
Gigha - Giogha	Pabbay - Pabaigh	Ulva - Ulbha
Great Bernera - Beàraigh	Raasay - Ratharsaigh
Grimsay - Griomasaigh	Rum - Rum Isle of Rum - Eilean Ruma

**Towns of Scotland**
Aberdeen - Obar Dheathain	Craignure - Creag an Iubhair	Helmsdale - Bun Ilidh	Montrose - Monadh Rois
Aberdour - Obar Dobhair	Crail - Cathair Aile	Inveraray - Inbhir Aora	Motherwell - Tobar na Màthar
Aberfeldy - Obar Pheallaidh	Crianlarich - A' Chrìon Làraich	Invergary - Inbhir Garadh	Muir of Ord - Am Blàr Dubh
Aberfoyle - Obar Phuill	Crieff - Craoibh	Invergordon - Inbhir Ghòrdain	Mull of Kintyre - Maol Chinn Tìre
Achnasheen - Achadh na Sìne	Culloden - Cuil Lodair	Inverkeithing - Inbhir Chèitinn	Musselburgh - Baile nam Feusgan
Airdrie - Àrd Ruigh	Culross - Cuileann Ros	Inverness - Inbhir Nis	Nairn - Inbhir Narainn
Applecross - A' Chomraich	Cumbernauld - Comar nan Allt	Inverurie - Inbhir Ùraidh	Nethertown - Am Baile Shìos
Arbroath - Obar Bhrothaig	Cupar - Cùbar Fìobha	Jedburgh - Deadard	Newtonmore - Baile Ùr an t-Slèibh
Ardrossan - Àird Rosain	Dalkeith - Dail Chè	John O'Groats - Taigh Iain Ghròt	Oban - An t-Oban
Aviemore - An Aghaidh Mhòr	Dalmally - Clachan an Dìsirt	Keith - Baile Chè	Paisley - Pàislig
Ayr - Inbhir Àir	Dalwhinnie - Dail Chuinnidh	Kilconquar - Cill Chonchuir	Perth - Peairt
Ballachulish - Bail' a' Chaolais	Dingwall - Inbhir Pheotharain	Killin - Cill Fhinn	Peterhead - Ceann Phàdraig
Ballater - Bealadair	Dornoch - Dòrnach	Kilmarnock - Cill Mhearnaig	Pitlochry - Baile Chloichridh
Ballingry - Bail' a' Ghàrraidh	Dounreay - Dùn Rath	Kilsyth - Cill Saidhe	Plockton - Am Ploc
Ballintrae - Baile na Tràgha	Drumnadrochit - Druim na Drochaid	Kincardin - Cinn Chàrdainn	Portree - Port Rìgh
Balloch - Bealach	Dunvegan - Dùn Bheagan	Kingussie - Cinn a' Ghiuthsaich	Rothesay - Baile Bhòid
Balquhidder - Both Phuidir	Dumbarton - Dùn Bhreatann	Kinlochbervie - Ceann Loch Bearbhaigh	Roy Bridge - Drochaid Ruaidh
Banff - Banbh	Dumfries - Dùn Phris	Kinlochleven - Ceann Loch Lìobhainn	Sheriffmuir - Sliabh an t-Siorraim
Beauly - A' Mhanachainn	Dunblane - Dùn Bhlàthain	Kinross - Ceann Rois	St. Andrews - Cill Rìmhinn
Berwick - Bearaig	Dundee - Dùn Deagh	Kintail - Cinn Tàile	Stewarton - Baile nan Stiùbhartach
Bettyhill - Am Blàran Odhar	Dunfermline - Dùn Phàrlain	Kirkcudbright - Cille Chuithbeirt	Stirling - Sruighle
Blair Atholl - Blàr Athaill	Dunkeld - Dùn Chailleann	Kirkwall - Baile na h-Eaglaise	Stonehaven - Caladh nan Clach
Braemar - Baile a' Chaisteil	Dunoon - Dùn Omhain	Kyle of Lochalsh - Caol Loch Aillse	Stonehouse - Taigh nan Clach
Bridge of Allan - Drochaid Alain	Edinburgh - Dùn Èideann	Kyleakin - Caol Acainn	Stornoway - Steòrnabhagh
Bridge of Dee - Drochaid Dhè	Elgin - Eilginn	Lanark - Lannraig	Stranraer - An t-Sròn Reamhar
Bridge of Orchy - Drochaid Urchaidh	Falkirk - An Eagalis Bhreac	Largo - Leargach	Tain - Baile Dhubhthaich
Broadford - An t-Àth Leathan	Forres - Farrais	Largs - An Leargaidh Ghallda	Tarbert - An Tairbeart
Brodick - Tràigh a' Chaisteil	Fort Augustus - Cille Chuimein	Lairg - An Luirg	Taynuilt - Taigh an Uillt
Brora - Brùra	Fortrose - A' Chananaich	Linlithgow - Gleann Iucha	Thurso - Inbhir Theòrsa
Burghead - Am Broch	Fort William - An Gearsatan	Lochboisdale - Loch Baghasdail	Tillicoultry - Tulaich Caoltraigh
Callander - Calasraid	Fraserburgh - Baile nam Frisealach	Lochcarron - Loch Carrann	Tobermory - Tobar Mhòire
Cambuslang - Camas Long	Gairloch - Geàrrloch	Lochearnhead - Ceann Loch Eire	Tomintoul - Tom an t-Sabhail
Campbeltown - Ceann Loch Chill Chiarain	Galasheils - An Geal Àth	Lochgilphead -Ceann Loch Gilp	Tyndrum - Taigh an Droma
Carr Bridge - Drochaid Charra	Garve - Gairbh	Lochgoilhead - Ceann Loch Goill	Ullapool - Ulapul
Castlebay - Bàgh a' Chaisteil	Glasgow - Glaschu	Lochinver - Loch an Inbhir	Wick - Inbhir Uige
Charlestown - Baile Theàrlaich	Glencoe - Gleann Comhan	Lochmaddy - Loch nam Madadh
Cockenzie - Cùil Choinnich	Golspie - Goillspidh	Melrose - Maol Ros
Coldstream - Am Fuar Allt	Greenock - Grianaig	Milngavie - Muileann Dhaibhidh

dm©lelland - Faodar na leasanan seo ath-riochdachadh le aithneachadh dhan ùghdar
dm©lelland - These lessons may be reproduced with credit to the author